Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is caused by the body's inability to respond fully to insulin and is associated with various serious complications. The earlier the diagnosis, the better the outcome. Evidence suggests that metabolites such as glucose, fructose, amino acids, and lipids are typically altered in T2D patients. These metabolites are also linked to prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. Metabolomics techniques can be used to identify T2D biomarkers or to investigate how dietary changes affect metabolism in T2D patients.

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the most common cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and the leading cause of CVD death worldwide. Because cardiometabolic disorders are the root of most CVD, metabolomics can be used to uncover cardiac-related metabolic changes in various stages of CVD, providing important insights into its pathogenesis and biomarker discovery. Understanding of the metabolic basis of CVD will accelerate the scientific and technological development for CVD prevention and controll.

Chronic lung disease such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma,and pulmonary fibrosis are complex, progressive diseases with rising morbidity and mortality rates,significantly impacting patients’ quality of life.The initial symptoms are usually mild, which impairs doctors' judgment and delays treatment. It is critical to develop rapid diagnostics to aid diagnosis, guide treatment selection, and improve prognosis management.